Optical torque reversal in the slowest accreting pulsar 4U 1954+319

Saavedra, E. A.; Luna, G. J. M.
Referencia bibliográfica

Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia

Fecha de publicación:
7
2026
Número de autores
2
Número de autores del IAC
1
Número de citas
0
Número de citas referidas
0
Descripción
Wind-fed accretion onto magnetised neutron stars drives long-term spin variability that can be used to trace angular-momentum transfer in structured stellar outflows. We analyse five years of TESS optical timing to measure the spin evolution of the wind-fed X-ray pulsar 4U 1954+319, which hosts the slowest known accretion-powered pulsar. Coherent hour-scale pulsations are detected in all eight TESS sectors. The optical spin period evolves non-monotonically from 5.51±0.06 to 5.72±0.06 h and then returns to 5.55±0.05 h, consistent with a mid-2023 break and a torque reversal from spin-down to spin-up (P˙1=+0.68±0.08 s d-1 to P˙2=-2.16±0.35 s d-1). The observed P˙ corresponds to torques of N1=(-1.2±0.1)×1032 dyn cm and N2=(+3.6±0.6)×1032 dyn cm for a canonical moment of inertia I=1045 g cm2, while the associated spin-down power remains negligible compared with the X-ray luminosity. Within the quasi-spherical settling accretion regime, a change in mass accretion rate by a factor of ∼3.6 is sufficient, at the order-of-magnitude level, to account for the measured torque ratio. The inferred torque scale is compatible with a surface dipole field B≈(0.5-5)×10<SUP12</SUP< G, with the magnetospheric radius remaining well inside co-rotation and no requirement for a propeller transition at the inferred luminosities. No clear contemporaneous hard-X-ray brightening is apparent in the BAT monitoring, which is consistent with an origin of the optical pulsations in reprocessing of the pulsed high-energy emission. Overall, the data favour a picture in which 4U 1954+319 is a long-period, near-equilibrium wind-fed pulsar whose torque reversals can arise from moderate changes in settling accretion, without invoking magnetar-strength fields or persistent propeller transitions. They also show that long-baseline optical timing can provide useful constraints on torque balance in faint wind-fed pulsars.