The evolution of galaxies appears linked to the growth of supermassive black holes (SMBH), as evidenced by empirical scale relations between hosts' large-scale properties and the mass of their central black holes. This co-evolutionary scenario suggests that all galaxies experience nuclear activity — active phases during which the black hole

Context: JWST has recently detected numerous disc galaxies at high-redshifts and there have been observations of cold disc galaxies at z > 4 with ALMA. In the Milky Way, recent studies highlight the presence of metal-poor stars in cold disc orbits, suggesting an ancient disc. This prompts a fundamental question: When did the Milky Way disc form

The star counting technique by the PAndAS survey reveals that M33 is undergoing a tidal interaction with its massive neighbor, M31. Due to this interaction, the stellar halo of M33 shows faint tidal features. These features are only visible at extremely low surface brightness levels (i.e. >30 mag/arcsec^2). For this reason, M33 is a perfect test