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In the past decades, studies of the Milky Way have entered a golden era of large-scale surveys. The Gaia satellite provides precise positions, proper motions, and parallaxes for billions of stars, while ground-based spectroscopic surveys, such as LAMOST, deliver radial velocities and metallicities for nearly ten million stars. In addition, medium-

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Over the past decade, gamma-ray observations from space-based instruments such as Fermi-LAT and ground-based arrays including H.E.S.S., MAGIC, and VERITAS have provided an increasingly detailed view of supernova remnants (SNRs). Several dozen SNRs have now been detected across the GeV–TeV energy range, revealing a diverse population shaped by their

The remarkable success of recent cosmology in pinpointing a consistent concordance model relies on several foundational assumptions, including homogeneity, isotropy of the universe, and scale invariance, among others. Increasingly precise cosmological observations, such as the exquisite measurements of the CMB sky from the ESA Planck space mission