The development of astrophysical observatories in the Canary Islands by the European community is discussed. Consideration is given to principal astronomical expeditions to the Canary Islands; site testing programs in the Islands; and the agreement established between Spain and the other European countries on the use of the facilities. The composition and objectives of the Astrophysical Institute of the Canary Islands, and the characteristics of the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory, the Teide Observatory, and the Institute of Astrophysics, operated by the Astrophysical Institute, are described. A list of the astronomers and research conducted by Italians at the Canary Islands facilities is presented.