Atmospheric extinction is the astronomical parameter that evaluates sky transparency. Besides the natural extinction due to the molecules of the atmosphere, other sources of sky transparency

The parameters relevant for Adaptive Optics can be obtained from the optical turbulence profile, given by the refractive-index structure constant of the turbulence, CN2 (h), where h is the altitude

Wind speed and direction, wind gust, relative humidity, air temperature, rainfall, insolation, etc.

The sky brightness (SB) is the routine measurement of the night sky brightness in units of magnitudes per arcsecond2 in a moonless night. This allows for identifying possible contaminating sources

The principal molecule responsible for the absorption in IR is water vapour (WV). The total amount of WV above a particular location is highly variable and commonly expressed as the Precipitable Water

Astronomical seeing (units arcesec) refers to the blurring or instantaneous image broadening of astronomical objects caused by turbulent mixing in the Earth's atmosphere due to the variations of the