We present deep Ka-band (ν~ 33 GHz) observations of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) made with the extended Very Small Array (VSA). This configuration produces a naturally weighted synthesized FWHM beamwidth of ~11 arcmin, which covers an l range of 300 to 1500. On these scales, foreground extragalactic sources can be a major source of contamination to the CMB anisotropy. This problem has been alleviated by identifying sources at 15 GHz with the Ryle Telescope and then monitoring these sources at 33 GHz using a single-baseline interferometer collocated with the VSA. Sources with flux densities >~20 mJy at 33 GHz are subtracted from the data. In addition, we calculate a statistical correction for the small residual contribution from weaker sources that are below the detection limit of the survey. The CMB power spectrum corrected for Galactic foregrounds and extragalactic point sources is presented. A total l range of 150-1500 is achieved by combining the complete extended array data with earlier VSA data in a compact configuration. Our resolution of Δl~ 60 allows the first three acoustic peaks to be clearly delineated. This is achieved by using mosaiced observations in seven regions covering a total area of 82 deg2. There is good agreement with the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) data up to l= 700 where WMAP data run out of resolution. For higher l values out to l= 1500, the agreement in power spectrum amplitudes with other experiments is also very good despite differences in frequency and observing technique.